The
Taittiriya Upanishad ranks as one of the most practical texts of the
Hindu philosophical tradition. For an inquirer either interested in
studying Hinduism or adopting its practices, this Upanishad brings to
light remarkable views on education, ethics, meditation, and more
progressive understanding of deeper layers of reality.
The Structure and Origin
Though the edition used may vary, belonging to the Krishna Yajurveda, the Taittiriya Upanishad has three sections (vallis) of about 40 verses. The three chapters are:
Shiksha Valli (Education Chapter): Relates to proper education, phonetics, and ethics
Brahmananda Valli (Bliss Chapter): Discusses the five layers of human existence
Bhrigu Valli(Bhrigu's Chapter): Talks about the seeker's journey to discover the nature of Brahman
Education-Making
The Taittiriya opens with a convocation address (what we might today call a graduation speech) of a teacher who bids farewell to students finishing their studies:
"Speak the truth. Practice virtue. Do not neglect the study of the Vedas. Having brought the teacher the gift he desires, do not cut off the line of descendants in your family. Do not swerve from the truth. Do not swerve from virtue." (Shiksha Valli, Verse 11.1)
This practical enforceable code of ethics demonstrates the tangible manner in which Hindu philosophy tries to make a connection between the metaphysical domain and mundane life. The text continues with instructions to treat one's mother, father, teacher, and guests as divine beings, emphasizing the sacred nature of human relationships.
Five Layers of Existence
The Brahmananda Valli wonderfully introduces the species of the five sheaths (koshas) that make an individual:
"From this Self (Atman) came space; from space, air; from air, fire; from fire, water; from water, earth; from earth, plants; from plants, food; from food, man." (Brahmananda Valli, Verse 1.2)
Building upon this cosmological postulate, the text identifies five progressive layers of human existence:
Annamaya Kosha (Food Sheath): The physical body made of food
Pranamaya Kosha (Energy Sheath): The vital life force that animates the body
Manomaya Kosha (Mental Sheath): The mind with its thoughts and emotions
Vijnanamaya Kosha (Intellect Sheath): The higher discerning faculty
Anandamaya Kosha (Bliss Sheath): The innermost layer of pure joy
The progression of each layer is seen as an increasingly closer approximation to the ultimate reality within true Self (Atman). Each such out layer is said to be more gross and, therefore, farther from reality with each katt to true self (atman) blasiest.
Ultimate Reality
As one of its most eminent beliefs, the Upanishad describes Brahman (ultimate reality) through a compendium of aphorisms:
"That from which all beings are born, that by which they live once born, that into which they enter at death—try to know that. That is Brahman." (Bhrigu Valli, Verse 1.1)
The text, following this definition, also presents one of the most revered definitions of Brahman:
"Brahman is Truth, Knowledge, Infinity." (Brahmananda Valli, Verse 1.1)
Journey of Self-discovery
The Bhrigu Valli speaks of Bhrigu approaching his father Varuna asking for instruction on Brahman. Rather than giving him a simple, direct explanation, Varuna told his son:
"Seek to know Brahman through tapas (spiritual austerity). Tapas is Brahman." (Bhrigu Valli, Verse 1.1)
Through successive meditations, Bhrigu realized that all manifestations of Brahman were food, breath, mind, understanding, and lastly bliss-or ananda. This process reflects Hindu spirituality's emphasis on immediate experience against one of intellectual conception.
Practical For the Seekers of Today
For one who wishes to adopt certain aspects of Hindu practices, the Taittiriya Upanishad provides some practical approaches:
Ethical Living: Observing the moral precepts listed in the education chapter
Meditative Self-realization: Contemplate the five layers of your being
Progressive Understanding: Realize the unfolding of spiritual insight in stages
Integrate Your Life: To realize how actions of daily life, such as eating and breathing, can become a form of spiritual cultivation
Further Reading
Useful resources for those wishing to probe deeper into this sublime text:
The Principal Upanishads by S. Radhakrishnan
Eight Upanishads with Commentary of Shankaracharya translated by Swami Gambhirananda
The Taittiriya Upanishad with commentary by Swami Chinmayananda
The Upanishads translated by Eknath Easwaran
Against this backdrop, The Taittiriya Upanishad finally concludes with an extremely profound declaration that bliss (ananda) is the property of Brahman:
"He who knows the Bliss of Brahman, from which all words turn back along with the mind, unable to reach It—he never fears." (Brahmananda Valli, Verse 9.1)
Therefore,
for someone wanting to understand the practicality of Hinduism and its
wisdom, the Taittiriya Upanishad provides an excellent model that
incorporates ethical living, progressive self-understanding, and
ultimate realization of bliss as our true nature. It is especially
helpful in its systematic approach to spiritual growth, given that it
brings seekers who want to nourish their lives with Hindu practices to a
junction of both inner awareness and outer conduct.
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